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Interspecific Feeding Association between Central Himalayan Langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) and Himalayan Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus), in a Temperate Forest of the Western Indian Himalayas
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Abstract
Abstract.
One aspect of interspecific feeding associations is gleaning, or the acquisition of food resources by one species eating items that incidentally drop to the ground by another species while feeding. Gleaning is a widespread phenomenon between primates and ungulates, but primate-carnivore gleaning associations are extremely rare in the literature. While studying the behavior and ecology of the Central Himalayan langur (Semnopithecus schistaceus) in the alpine zone (3300 m–3500 m a.s.l.) of Rudranath, Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand State, India, we observed three direct instances and gathered indirect putative evidence of gleaning by Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus) beneath large Quercus semecarpifolia trees with langurs feeding on acorns during the peak fruiting season. This is the first report of such a feeding association between langurs and bears, and the second for primates and carnivores.
Received 16 4月 2017
Accepted 15 12月 2017
Acknowledgments:
We thank our funding agency, Rufford Small grant and the Forest Department of Uttarakhand for giving us the required permission to work in KWLS. We would also like to thank Anjana Dey, Takhe Bamin, and Vinod Kumar for their assistance in the field. Finally, we are wholeheartedly grateful to the local people for providing the team with all kinds of logistical support. Their help was important for our safety and survival in the harsh conditions of the higher Himalayan region. We thank our anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.
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